Utilization of virtual reality as a learning tool to increase students’ pro-environmental behavior at universities: A maximum likelihood estimation approach
Full Text (PDF)
More Detail
1 Department of Elementary School Teacher Education, Universitas Negeri Makassar, South Sulawesi, INDONESIA* Corresponding Author
Abstract
This research explores the effect of virtual reality technology on enhancing university students’ environmental knowledge (ENK), environmental attitudes (ENAs), and pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs). The primary objective is to evaluate how immersive virtual reality (VR) experiences influence students’ understanding of pressing environmental issues like climate change, deforestation, and pollution. A sample of 336 students from Universitas Negeri Makassar who participated in a VR-based environmental education class were surveyed through structured questionnaires distributed via Google Forms. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure a diverse illustration of the student population. The study applies covariance-based structural equation modeling using the AMOS program to evaluate the correlations among the variables of ENK, attitudes, and behaviors. The results indicate that VR significantly enhances students’ ENK by providing an interactive and immersive learning platform that simplifies complex ecological concepts. VR was shown to positively influence students’ ENAs by simulating real-world environmental degradation consequences, fostering emotional connection and concern. A robust link was also identified between improved ENAs and increased PEBs, such as waste reduction and energy saving. These findings demonstrate that VR can be an actual tool for driving behavioral change in the context of environmental education, offering a promising approach to addressing global sustainability challenges. The analysis adds to the expanding body of literature on technology-enhanced learning, highlighting the potential of VR to promote sustainability through education and fostering a more profound commitment to environmental stewardship among students.
License
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Research Article
EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, Volume 20, Issue 12, December 2024, Article No: em2540
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15654
Publication date: 01 Dec 2024
Online publication date: 26 Nov 2024
Article Views: 529
Article Downloads: 215
Open Access References How to cite this articleReferences
- Abdeljalil, A., Nabil, S., & Rachid, M. (2022). The environmental aspect & impacts for industrial sites: Methodological framework and evaluation. International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education, 4(1), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v4i1.67
- Ahn, S. J. G., Bailenson, J. N., & Park, D. (2014). Short- and long-term effects of embodied experiences in immersive virtual environments on environmental locus of control and behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 235-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.025
- Ahn, S. J. G., Bostick, J., Ogle, E., Nowak, K. L., McGillicuddy, K. T., & Bailenson, J. N. (2016). Experiencing nature: Embodying animals in immersive virtual environments increases inclusion of nature in self and involvement with nature. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(6), 399-419. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12173
- Ahn, S. J. G., Fox, J., Dale, K. R., & Avant, J. A. (2015). Framing virtual experiences: Effects on environmental efficacy and behavior over time. Communication Research, 42(6), 839-863. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214534973
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Ajzen, I. (2012). The theory of planned behavior. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology: Volume 1 (pp. 438-459). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n22
- Ali, M. I., & Arfandi, A. (2024). Synchronizing environmental education research trends: Promoting sustainable practices and enhancing scientific knowledge. International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education, 6(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v6i1.124
- Ali, M. I., Idkhan, A. M., Kamin, Y., & Hasim, A. H. (2022). Implementation of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) in the assessment of pro-environmental tools measurement models for engineering students. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 12(4), 1632-1638. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.12.4.16724
- Ali, M. I., Rachman, S. A., & Hasim, A. H. (2021). Sustainable environmental education for pro-environmental engineering students: The assessment of a measurement model. Global Journal of Engineering Education, 23(2), 156-162.
- Allen, R., & Earl, B. (2016). Essential research methods for social work. Cengage Learning.
- Alshaybani, A. M., Bodowara, F. S., Mamlook, R. Al, & Abdalrahmn, Z. M. (2024). Water disinfection via zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires chemically fabricated on a modified polyurethane substrate. International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education, 6(2), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v6i2.136
- Arcury, T. A., & Christianson, E. H. (1993). Rural-urban differences in environmental knowledge and actions. The Journal of Environmental Education, 25(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1993.9941940
- Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 8-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x
- Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.12.002
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), Article 191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
- Baños, R. M., Botella, C., García-Palacios, A., Villa, H., Perpiñá, C., & Gallardo, M. (1999). Psychological variables and reality judgment in virtual environments: The roles of absorption and dissociation. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 2(2), 143-148. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1999.2.143
- Baños, R. M., Etchemendy, E., Castilla, D., García-Palacios, A., Quero, S., & Botella, C. (2012). Positive mood induction procedures for virtual environments designed for elderly people. Interacting with Computers, 24(3), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2012.04.002
- Basri, K., Sahabuddin, E. S., & Tokan, M. K. (2015). Car pollution measurement (a study on “health” environment). Pollution Research, 34(3), 497-502.
- Bateman, I. J., Day, B. H., Jones, A. P., & Jude, S. (2009). Reducing gain-loss asymmetry: A virtual reality choice experiment valuing land use change. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 58(1), 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2008.05.003
- Bonhi, T. C., Al Karim, R., Sharmin, S., Jahan, N., & Chowdhury, F. (2024). Fostering pro-environmental behavior of university students through goal framing theory: The mediating role of environmental knowledge. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-12-2023-0516
- Boomsma, A. (2000). Reporting analyses of covariance structures. Structural Equation Modeling, 7(3), 461-483. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0703_6
- Breves, P., & Greussing, E. (2021). Virtual and augmented reality in environmental communication. In B. Takahashi, J. Metag, J. Thaker, & S. E. Comfort (Eds.), The handbook of international trends in environmental communication (pp. 449-463). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367275204-34
- Breves, P., & Heber, V. (2020). Into the wild: The effects of 360° immersive nature videos on feelings of commitment to the environment. Environmental Communication, 14(3), 332-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1665566
- Breves, P., & Schramm, H. (2019). Good for the feelings, bad for the memory: The impact of 3D versus 2D movies on persuasion knowledge and brand placement effectiveness. International Journal of Advertising, 38(8), 1264-1285. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2019.1622326
- Breves, P., & Schramm, H. (2021). Bridging psychological distance: The impact of immersive media on distant and proximal environmental issues. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, Article 106606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106606
- Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757421
- Calil, J., Fauville, G., Queiroz, A. C. M., Leo, K. L., Newton Mann, A. G., Wise-West, T., Salvatore, P., & Bailenson, J. N. (2021). Using virtual reality in sea level rise planning and community engagement–An overview. Water (Switzerland), 13(9), Article 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091142
- Chen, C. J. (2006). The design, development and evaluation of a virtual reality based learning environment. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1306
- Chen, Y. L. (2016). The effects of virtual reality learning environment on student cognitive and linguistic development. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(4), 637-646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0293-2
- Cheng, K. H., & Tsai, C. C. (2019). A case study of immersive virtual field trips in an elementary classroom: Students’ learning experience and teacher-student interaction behaviors. Computers and Education, 140, Article 103600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103600
- Cheng, K. H., & Tsai, C. C. (2020). Students’ motivational beliefs and strategies, perceived immersion and attitudes towards science learning with immersive virtual reality: A partial least squares analysis. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(6), 2139-2158. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12956
- Chirico, A., & Gaggioli, A. (2019). When virtual feels real: Comparing emotional responses and presence in virtual and natural environments. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(3), 220-226. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0393
- Chirico, A., Cipresso, P., Yaden, D. B., Biassoni, F., Riva, G., & Gaggioli, A. (2017). Effectiveness of immersive videos in inducing awe: An experimental study. Scientific Reports, 7(1), Article 1218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01242-0
- Chirico, A., Pizzolante, M., Borghesi, F., Bartolotta, S., Sarcinella, E. D., Cipresso, P., & Gaggioli, A. (2023). “Standing up for earth rights”: Awe-inspiring virtual nature for promoting pro-environmental behaviors. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 26(4), 300-308. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0260
- Chittaro, L., & Zangrando, N. (2010). The persuasive power of virtual reality: Effects of simulated human distress on attitudes towards fire safety. In T. Ploug, P. Hasle, & H. Oinas-Kukkonen (Eds.), Persuasive technology. PERSUASIVE 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6137 (pp. 58-69). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13226-1_8
- Cleveland, M., Kalamas, M., & Laroche, M. (2005). Shades of green: Linking environmental locus of control and pro-environmental behaviors. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(4), 198-212. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760510605317
- Cooper, G., Park, H., Nasr, Z., Thong, L. P., & Johnson, R. (2019). Using virtual reality in the classroom: Preservice teachers’ perceptions of its use as a teaching and learning tool. Educational Media International, 56(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2019.1583461
- Copeland, L., & Bhaduri, G. (2020). Consumer relationship with pro-environmental apparel brands: effect of knowledge, skepticism and brand familiarity. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 29(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-03-2018-1794
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches research design (4th ed.). SAGE.
- Damala, A., Schuchert, T., Rodriguez, I., Moragues, J., Gilleade, K., & Stojanovic, N. (2013). Exploring the affective museum visiting experience: Adaptive augmented reality (A 2 R) and cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 2(1), 117-142. https://doi.org/10.1260/2047-4970.2.1.117
- Dameri, R. P., & Demartini, P. (2020). Knowledge transfer and translation in cultural ecosystems. Management Decision, 58(9), 1885-1907. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-10-2019-1505
- Dillon, J. (2016). Towards a convergence between science and environmental education: The selected works of Justin Dillon. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315730486
- Dinis, F. M., Guimaraes, A. S., Carvalho, B. R., & Martins, J. P. P. (2017). Development of virtual reality game-based interfaces for civil engineering education. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (pp. 1195-1202). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2017.7943000
- Dunlap, R. E. (2008). The new environmental paradigm scale: From marginality to worldwide use. Journal of Environmental Education, 40(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.40.1.3-18
- Dunlap, R. E., & Van Liere, K. D. (1978). The “new environmental paradigm.” The Journal of Environmental Education, 9(4), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1978.10801875
- Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., & Jones, R. E. (2000). Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 425-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00176
- Fang, J., Zhu, J., Wang, S., Yue, C., & Shen, H. (2011). Global warming, human-induced carbon emissions, and their uncertainties. Science China Earth Sciences, 54, 1458-1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-011-4292-0
- Fenwick, T. F. (2007). Developing organizational practices of ecological sustainability: A learning perspective. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 28(7), 632-645. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730710823888
- Fernandez, M. (2017). Augmented-virtual reality: How to improve education systems. Higher Learning Research Communications, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.18870/hlrc.v7i1.373
- Fiore, S. M., Harrison, G. W., Hughes, C. E., & Rutström, E. E. (2009). Virtual experiments and environmental policy. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 57(1), 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2008.08.002
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), Article 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
- Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2009). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill.
- Fryxell, G. E., & Lo, C. W. H. (2003). The influence of environmental knowledge and values on managerial behaviours on behalf of the environment: An empirical examination of managers in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(1), 45-69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024773012398
- Gao, L., Wan, B., Liu, G., Xie, G., Huang, J., & Meng, G. (2021). Investigating the effectiveness of virtual reality for culture learning. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 37(18), 1771-1781. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1913858
- Geiger, S. M., Geiger, M., & Wilhelm, O. (2019). Environment-specific vs. general knowledge and their role in pro-environmental behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00718
- Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Pearson.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2013). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Pearson.
- Hamilton, D., McKechnie, J., Edgerton, E., & Wilson, C. (2021). Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: A systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design. Journal of Computers in Education, 8, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-020-00169-2
- Hawcroft, L. J., & Milfont, T. L. (2010). The use (and abuse) of the new environmental paradigm scale over the last 30 years: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.003
- Heimlich, J. E., & Ardoin, N. M. (2008). Understanding behavior to understand behavior change: A literature review. Environmental Education Research, 14(3), 215-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620802148881
- Hickman, J. P. (2020). How does the use of a geographic information system (GIS) engender spatial thinking in Year 8 geography students? [Master’s thesis, University of Oxford].
- Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1987.9943482
- Hoyle, R. H., & Panter, A. T. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 158-176). SAGE.
- Huang, H. M., Rauch, U., & Liaw, S. S. (2010). Investigating learners’ attitudes toward virtual reality learning environments: Based on a constructivist approach. Computers and Education, 55(3), 1171-1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.05.014
- Huang, T. L., & Liao, S. (2015). A model of acceptance of augmented-reality interactive technology: The moderating role of cognitive innovativeness. Electronic Commerce Research, 15(2), 269-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-014-9163-2
- Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3), 8-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1990.10753743
- Innocenti, A. (2017). Virtual reality experiments in economics. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 69, 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2017.06.001
- Jaiswal, D., Singh, B., Kant, R., & Biswas, A. (2022). Towards green product consumption: Effect of green marketing stimuli and perceived environmental knowledge in Indian consumer market. Society and Business Review, 17(1), 45-65. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBR-05-2021-0081
- Jensen, B. B. (2002). Knowledge, action and pro-environmental behaviour. Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 325-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145474
- Jensen, L., & Konradsen, F. (2018). A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training. Education and Information Technologies, 23(4), 1515-1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9676-0
- Johnson-Glenberg, M. C., Birchfield, D. A., Tolentino, L., & Koziupa, T. (2014). Collaborative embodied learning in mixed reality motion-capture environments: Two science studies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(1), 86-104. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034008
- Kaiser, F. G., & Fuhrer, U. (2003). Ecological behavior’s dependency on different forms of knowledge. Applied Psychology, 52(4), 598-613. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00153
- Kaiser, F. G., & Gutscher, H. (2003). The proposition of a general version of the theory of planned behavior: Predicting ecological behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(3), 586-603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01914.x
- Kaiser, F. G., & Shimoda, T. A. (1999). Responsibility as a predictor of ecological behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(3), 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.9123
- Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
- Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
- Kozar, J. M., & Connell, K. Y. H. (2013). Socially and environmentally responsible apparel consumption: Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Social Responsibility Journal, 9(2), 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-09-2011-0076
- Kurisu, K., & Kurisu, K. (2015). What are pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs)? Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55834-7
- Laroche, M., Tomiuk, M. A., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. (2002). Cultural differences in environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of Canadian consumers. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 19(3), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2002.tb00272.x
- Lee, M., Lee, S. A., Jeong, M., & Oh, H. (2020). Quality of virtual reality and its impacts on behavioral intention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, Article 102595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102595
- Levine, D. S., & Strube, M. J. (2012). Environmental attitudes, knowledge, intentions and behaviors among college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 152(3), 308-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2011.604363
- Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
- Liberman, N. (2014). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117, Article 440. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018963
- Liu, R., Wang, L., Lei, J., Wang, Q., & Ren, Y. (2020). Effects of an immersive virtual reality-based classroom on students’ learning performance in science lessons. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(6), 2034-2049. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13028
- Luchs, M. G., & Mooradian, T. A. (2012). Sex, personality, and sustainable consumer behaviour: Elucidating the gender effect. Journal of Consumer Policy, 35, 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-011-9179-0
- Makkasau, A., & Sahabuddin, E. S. (2023). Addition of Cd2+ metal ions to conway culture medium on phytoplankton growth of chaetoceros calcitrans. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 13(6), 2052-2059. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.13.6.19038
- Makransky, G., & Lilleholt, L. (2018). A structural equation modeling investigation of the emotional value of immersive virtual reality in education. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66(5), 1141-1164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9581-2
- Makransky, G., Borre-Gude, S., & Mayer, R. E. (2019). Motivational and cognitive benefits of training in immersive virtual reality based on multiple assessments. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 35(6), 691-707. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12375
- Manucom, M. G. C., Alcaraz, K. P., Alejo, R. P. S., Gaddi, K. C. M., Recio, K. E. P., & Yamaguchi, R. G. (2023). Awareness of generation Z students about the plaf (plastic flamingo) and other campaigns concerning plastics in online shopping. International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education, 5(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v5i1.78
- Markowitz, D. M., & Bailenson, J. N. (2021). Virtual reality and the psychology of climate change. Current Opinion in Psychology, 42, 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.03.009
- Markowitz, D. M., Laha, R., Perone, B. P., Pea, R. D., & Bailenson, J. N. (2018). Immersive virtual reality field trips facilitate learning about climate change. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02364
- Matovu, H., Ungu, D. A. K., Won, M., Tsai, C. C., Treagust, D. F., Mocerino, M., & Tasker, R. (2023). Immersive virtual reality for science learning: Design, implementation, and evaluation. Studies in Science Education, 59(2), 205-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057267.2022.2082680
- Matthews, Y., Scarpa, R., & Marsh, D. (2017). Using virtual environments to improve the realism of choice experiments: A case study about coastal erosion management. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 81, 193-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.08.001
- McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), Article 64. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
- Meinhold, J. L., & Malkus, A. J. (2005). Adolescent environmental behaviors: Can knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy make a difference? Environment and Behavior, 37(4), 511-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504269665
- Merchant, Z., Goetz, E. T., Cifuentes, L., Keeney-Kennicutt, W., & Davis, T. J. (2014). Effectiveness of virtual reality-based instruction on students’ learning outcomes in K-12 and higher education: A meta-analysis. Computers and Education, 70, 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.07.033
- Mikhaylov, A., Moiseev, N., Aleshin, K., & Burkhardt, T. (2020). Global climate change and greenhouse effect. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(4), 2897-2913. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.7.4(21)
- Mulders, M., Buchner, J., & Kerres, M. (2020). A framework for the use of immersive virtual reality in learning environments. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(24), 208-224. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i24.16615
- Nelson, K. M., Anggraini, E., & Schlüter, A. (2020). Virtual reality as a tool for environmental conservation and fundraising. PLoS ONE, 15(4), Article e0223631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223631
- Nicolaides, A. (2006). The implementation of environmental management towards sustainable universities and education for sustainable development as an ethical imperative. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 7(4), 414-424. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370610702217
- Nisar, S., Khan, N. R., & Khan, M. R. (2021). Determinant analysis of employee attitudes toward pro-environmental behavior in textile firms of Pakistan: A serial mediation approach. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 32(5), 1064-1094. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-11-2020-0270
- Oe, H., Yamaoka, Y., & Ochiai, H. (2022). A qualitative assessment of community learning initiatives for environmental awareness and behaviour change: Applying UNESCO education for sustainable development (ESD) framework. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3528. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063528
- Oh, J., Jin, E., Sudarshan, S., Nah, S., & Yu, N. (2021). Does 360-degree video enhance engagement with global warming?: The mediating role of spatial presence and emotions. Environmental Communication, 15(6), 731-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2021.1891945
- Olschewski, R., Bebi, P., Teich, M., Wissen Hayek, U., & Grêt-Regamey, A. (2012). Avalanche protection by forests–A choice experiment in the Swiss Alps. Forest Policy and Economics, 17, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.02.016
- Otto, S., & Kaiser, F. G. (2014). Ecological behavior across the lifespan: Why environmentalism increases as people grow older. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.08.004
- Peña, M. C. B., Cruz, J. R. Dela, Cabral, R. A. L. B., Ramos, M. R. T., & Basilio, E. R. (2023). Students’ level of awareness on the waste contribution of the fast fashion with their clothing consumption behavior. International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education, 5(3), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v5i3.105
- Pensieri, C., & Pennacchini, M. (2014). Overview: Virtual reality in medicine. Journal For Virtual Worlds Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.4101/jvwr.v7i1.6364
- Potter, G. (2009). Environmental education for the 21st century: Where do we go now? Journal of Environmental Education, 41(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958960903209975
- Rambach, J., Lilligreen, G., Schäfer, A., Bankanal, R., Wiebel, A., & Stricker, D. (2021). A survey on applications of augmented, mixed and virtual reality for nature and environment. In J. Y. C. Chen, & G. Fragomeni (Eds.), Virtual, augmented and mixed reality. HCII 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol 12770 (pp. 653-675). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77599-5_45
- Rosedale, P. (2017). Virtual reality: The next disruptor: A new kind of worldwide communication. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 6(1), 48-50. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2016.2614416
- Safari, A., Salehzadeh, R., Panahi, R., & Abolghasemian, S. (2018). Multiple pathways linking environmental knowledge and awareness to employees’ green behavior. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 18(1), 81-103. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-08-2016-0168
- Salah, B., Abidi, M. H., Mian, S. H., Krid, M., Alkhalefah, H., & Abdo, A. (2019). Virtual reality-based engineering education to enhance manufacturing sustainability in Industry 4.0. Sustainability, 11(5), Article 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051477
- Sanders, J. J., Caponigro, E., Ericson, J. D., Dubey, M., Duane, J. N., Orr, S. P., Pirl, W., Tulsky, J. A., & Blanch-Hartigan, D. (2021). Virtual environments to study emotional responses to clinical communication: A scoping review. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(12), 2922-2935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.04.022
- Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2014). Comparing the theories of interpersonal and place attachment. In L. Manzo, & P. Devine-Wright (Eds.), Place attachment: Advances in theory, methods, and applications (pp. 23-36). Routledge.
- Schuldt, J. P., Rickard, L. N., & Yang, Z. J. (2018). Does reduced psychological distance increase climate engagement? On the limits of localizing climate change. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 55, 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.02.001
- Schultz, P. W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J. J., & Khazian, A. M. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00022-7
- Schutte, N. S., & Stilinović, E. J. (2017). Facilitating empathy through virtual reality. Motivation and Emotion, 41(6), 708-712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-017-9641-7
- Schutte, N. S., Bhullar, N., Stilinović, E. J., & Richardson, K. (2017). The impact of virtual environments on restorativeness and affect. Ecopsychology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2016.0042
- Scurati, G. W., Bertoni, M., Graziosi, S., & Ferrise, F. (2021). Exploring the use of virtual reality to support environmentally sustainable behavior: A framework to design experiences. Sustainability, 13(2), Article 943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020943
- Shin, D. (2018). Empathy and embodied experience in virtual environment: To what extent can virtual reality stimulate empathy and embodied experience? Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.012
- Slapakova, L., Fraser, A., Hughes, M., Aquilino, M. C., & Thue, K. (2024). Cultural and technological change in the future information environment. RAND. https://doi.org/10.7249/rra2662-1
- Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2016). Enhancing our lives with immersive virtual reality. Frontiers Robotics AI, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2016.00074
- Soliman, M., Peetz, J., & Davydenko, M. (2017). The impact of immersive technology on nature relatedness and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Media Psychology, 29(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000213
- Standing, C., Jackson, P., Chen, A. J. w., Boudreau, M. C., & Watson, R. T. (2008). Information systems and ecological sustainability. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 10(3), 186-201. https://doi.org/10.1108/13287260810916907
- Stanikzai, I. U., Hamdard, W. U., Sereet, A. H., & Aryan, F. (2024). Addressing the causes and effects of climate change in Afghanistan: Mitigation strategies and solutions for a sustainable future. International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education, 6(2), 84-95. https://doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v6i2.129
- Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.10.004
- Stern, P. C. (2000). Psychology and the science of human-environment interactions. American Psychologist, 55(5), 523-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.523
- Stevenson, R. B. (2007). Schooling and environmental education: Contradictions in purpose and practice. Environmental Education Research, 13(2), 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620701295726
- Stevenson, R. B., Brody, M., Dillon, J., & Wals, A. E. J. (2013). International handbook of research on environmental education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813331
- Sutcliffe, A., Gault, B., & Maiden, N. (2005). ISRE: Immersive scenario-based requirements engineering with virtual prototypes. Requirements Engineering, 10(2), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-004-0198-0
- Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
- Tabrizi, S., & Rideout, G. (2017). Active learning: Using Bloom’s taxonomy to support critical pedagogy. International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education, 8(3), 3202-3209. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2017.0429
- Tarrant, M. A., & Cordell, H. K. (1997). The effect of respondent characteristics on general environmental attitude-behavior correspondence. Environment and Behavior, 29(5), 618-637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916597295002
- Tilbury, D. (2004). Environmental education for sustainability: A force for change in higher education. In P. B. Corcoran, & A. E. J. Wals (Eds.), Higher education and the challenge of sustainability (pp. 97-112). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48515-x_9
- van der Linden, S. (2015). The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 112-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.012
- Ventabal, R. A. S., Cruz, Z. M. S., Santos, J. F., & Basilio, E. R. (2024). Inventory of electronic waste (e-waste) and residues in junkshops: A step towards residual waste management. International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education, 6(2), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v6i2.154
- Vining, J., Ebreo, A., Bechtel, R. B., & Churchman, A. (2002). Emerging theoretical and methodological perspectives on conservation behavior. New Handbook of Environmental Psychology, 2, 541-558.
- Wu, Y., & Zhu, W. (2012). An integrated theoretical model for determinants of knowledge sharing behaviours. Kybernetes, 41(10), 1462-1482. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684921211276675
- Xiao, C., & McCright, A. M. (2015). Gender differences in environmental concern: Revisiting the institutional trust hypothesis in the USA. Environment and Behavior, 47(1), 17-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513491571
- Xiong, S. R., Ho, S. S., Tan, W., Li, B. J., & Lisak, G. (2024). Virtual environment, real impacts: A self-determination perspective on the use of virtual reality for pro-environmental behavior interventions. Environmental Communication, 18(5), 628-647. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2024.2361270
- Yang, H., Cai, M., Diao, Y., Liu, R., Liu, L., & Xiang, Q. (2023). How does interactive virtual reality enhance learning outcomes via emotional experiences? A structural equation modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1081372
- Yoon, M., Lee, J., & Jo, I. H. (2021). Video learning analytics: Investigating behavioral patterns and learner clusters in video-based online learning. Internet and Higher Education, 50, Article 100806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2021.100806
- Yue, X. L., & Gao, Q. X. (2018). Contributions of natural systems and human activity to greenhouse gas emissions. Advances in Climate Change Research, 9(4), 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2018.12.003
- Yuen, K. F., Koh, L. Y., Tan, L. Y. H., & Wang, X. (2023). The determinants of virtual reality adoption for marine conservation. Technology in Society, 72, Article 102170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102170
- Zeng, G., Cao, X., Lin, Z., & Xiao, S. H. (2020). When online reviews meet virtual reality: Effects on consumer hotel booking. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, Article 102860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102860
- Zhang, H., Yu, L., Ji, M., Cui, Y., Liu, D., Li, Y., Liu, H., & Wang, Y. (2020a). Investigating high school students’ perceptions and presences under VR learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(5), 635-655. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1709211
- Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Kang, S. C., & Al-Hussein, M. (2020b). Virtual reality applications for the built environment: Research trends and opportunities. Automation in Construction, 118, Article 103311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103311
- Zhao, D., & Lucas, J. (2015). Virtual reality simulation for construction safety promotion. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 22(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2013.861853
- Zsóka, Á., Szerényi, Z. M., Széchy, A., & Kocsis, T. (2013). Greening due to environmental education? Environmental knowledge, attitudes, consumer behavior and everyday pro-environmental activities of Hungarian high school and university students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 126-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.030
How to cite this article
APA
Sahabuddin, E. S., & Makkasau, A. (2024). Utilization of virtual reality as a learning tool to increase students’ pro-environmental behavior at universities: A maximum likelihood estimation approach. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(12), em2540. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15654
Vancouver
Sahabuddin ES, Makkasau A. Utilization of virtual reality as a learning tool to increase students’ pro-environmental behavior at universities: A maximum likelihood estimation approach. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2024;20(12):em2540. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15654
AMA
Sahabuddin ES, Makkasau A. Utilization of virtual reality as a learning tool to increase students’ pro-environmental behavior at universities: A maximum likelihood estimation approach. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2024;20(12), em2540. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15654
Chicago
Sahabuddin, Erma Suryani, and Andi Makkasau. "Utilization of virtual reality as a learning tool to increase students’ pro-environmental behavior at universities: A maximum likelihood estimation approach". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 2024 20 no. 12 (2024): em2540. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15654
Harvard
Sahabuddin, E. S., and Makkasau, A. (2024). Utilization of virtual reality as a learning tool to increase students’ pro-environmental behavior at universities: A maximum likelihood estimation approach. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(12), em2540. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15654
MLA
Sahabuddin, Erma Suryani et al. "Utilization of virtual reality as a learning tool to increase students’ pro-environmental behavior at universities: A maximum likelihood estimation approach". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, vol. 20, no. 12, 2024, em2540. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15654