Abstract
Creativity is an important skill that will increasingly play a role in the future professional sphere, not only in arts and crafts professions but also in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) professions. It is precisely in this field that new methods and products have to be constantly developed. Therefore, the promotion of high creative potential needs to start at school. Extracurricular learning activities that prepare pupils for science competitions can also have an impact on this promotion. Since few studies have explored divergent thinking in school chemistry classes and extracurricular science competitions, this study aims to show differences in divergent thinking based on gender, parental academic background and prior participation in a science competition, using a validated test.
License
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Research Article
EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, Volume 16, Issue 10, October 2020, Article No: em1883
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8408
Publication date: 20 Jul 2020
Article Views: 3758
Article Downloads: 1633
Open Access References How to cite this articleReferences
- Abernathy, T. V., & Vineyard, R. N. (2001). Academic competitions in science: What are the rewards for students? The Clearing House, 74(5), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098650109599206
- Abraham, A. (2016). Gender and creativity: An overview of psychological and neuroscientific literature. Brain imaging and behavior, 10(2), 609-618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-015-9410-8
- Acar, S., & Runco, M. A. (2012). Chapter 6 - Creative Abilities: Divergent Thinking. In M. D. Mumford (Ed.), Handbook of Organizational Creativity (pp. 115-139). San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374714-3.00006-9
- Affeldt, F., Tolppanen, S., Aksela, M., & Eilks, I. (2017). The potential of the non-formal educational sector for supporting chemistry learning and sustainability education for all students–a joint perspective from two cases in Finland and Germany. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 18(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RP00212A
- Agentur für Arbeit. (2019). Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt: MINT-Berufe. [Emphasis on the job market: STEM professions]. Retrieved from https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Statischer-Content/Arbeitsmarktberichte/Berufe/generische-Publikationen/Broschuere-MINT.pdf
- Akl, A. (2012). Stereotypes deter woman from becoming scientists. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/usa/stereotypes-deter-women-becoming-scientists
- Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of personality and social psychology, 45(2), 357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.357
- Baer, J. (2013). Teaching for Creativity: Domains and Divergent Thinking, Intrinsic Motivation and Evaluation: Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5185-3_13
- Baker, D., & Leary, R. (1995). Letting girls speak out about science. Journal of research in science teaching, 32(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660320104
- Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self‐Efficacy Beliefs as Shapers of Children’s Aspirations and Career Trajectories. Child Development, 72(1), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00273
- Barron, F., & Harrington, D. M. (1981). Creativity, intelligence, and personality. Annual review of psychology, 32(1), 439-476. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.002255
- Barth, J. M., Kim, H., Eno, C. A., & Guadagno, R. E. (2018). Matching Abilities to Careers for Others and Self: Do Gender Stereotypes Matter to Students in Advanced Math and Science Classes? Sex Roles, 79(1), 83-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0857-5
- BMBF. (2019). Bildung auf einen Blick 2019 - OECD Indikatoren. Retrieved from https://www.bmbf.de/files/6001821mw.pdf
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung. (2008). Studiensituation und studentische Orientierungen. 10. Studierendensurvey an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen. [Study situation and student orientations. 10. student survey at universities and technical colleges.]. Bonn, Berlin. Retrieved from https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/23637
- Cachia, R., & Ferrari, A. (2010). Creativity in Schools: A Survey of Teachers in Europe. European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Retrieved from https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC59232/jrc59232.pdf
- Campbell, J. R., & Feng, A. X. (2010). Comparing adult productivity of American mathematics, chemistry, and physics olympians with Terman’s longitudinal study. Roeper Review, 33(1), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2011.530203
- Carli, L. L., Alawa, L., Lee, Y., Zhao, B., & Kim, E. (2016). Stereotypes about gender and science: Women≠ scientists. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(2), 244-260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684315622645
- Chan, D. W., Cheung, P.-C., Lau, S., Wu, W. Y. H., Kwong, J. M. L., & Li, W.-L. (2001). Assessing ideational fluency in primary students in Hong Kong. Creativity Research Journal, 13(3-4), 359-365. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1334_13
- Cheung, P. C., & Lau, S. (2010). Gender differences in the creativity of Hong Kong school children: Comparison by using the new electronic Wallach–Kogan creativity tests. Creativity Research Journal, 22(2), 194-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2010.481522
- Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological bulletin, 112(1), 155. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
- Cooper, R. B., & Jayatilaka, B. (2006). Group creativity: The effects of extrinsic, intrinsic, and obligation motivations. Creativity Research Journal, 18(2), 153-172. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1802_3
- Council of Europe. (2003). Non-formal education. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/2012-compendium-non-formal-education/168077c10b
- Cropley, A. J. (1978). Unterricht ohne Schablone. Wege zur Kreativität. (Lessons without a template. Ways to creativity) (2 ed.). Ravensburg: Otto Maier Verlag.
- Cropley, A. J., & Maslany, G. W. (1969). Reliability and factorial validity of the Wallach‐Kogan creativity tests. British Journal of psychology, 60(3), 395-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1969.tb01213.x
- Daniels, S. (2013). Facilitating creativity in the classroom: Professional development for K12 teachers. In M. B. Gregerson, J. Kaufman & H. Snyder (Eds.), Teaching creatively and teaching creativity (pp. 3-14). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5185-3_1
- Descalço, L., & Oliveira, P. (2018). Science Competitions: Do they foster learning. Presented at the 10th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Palma, Spain (pp. 1388-1394). https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.0440
- Diakidoy, I.-A. N., & Constantinou, C. P. (2001). Creativity in physics: Response fluency and task specificity. Creativity Research Journal, 13(3-4), 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1334_17
- Farrokhzad, S. (2015). Chancengleichheit? Bildungs- und Berufschancen von Mädchen und Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Equal opportunity? Educational and professional opportunities for girls wan women with a migration background in the Federal Republic of Germany]. Paper presented at the Genderwissen - Gendernutzen für die soziale Arbeit., Universität Duisburg-Essen. Retrieved from https://www.netzwerk-fgf.nrw.de/fileadmin/media/media-fgf/download/publikationen/netzwerk_fgf_studie_nr_21_f_web.pdf#page=27
- Fletcher, G. (2019). The Effect Of Learning To Play A Musical Instrument On Creative Ability In Middle School Students. South Carolina Junior Academy of Science. 210. Retrieved from https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/scjas/2019/all/210/
- Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative inquiry, 12(2), 219-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363
- Gärtner, H. J. (1997). Kreativität im Chemieunterricht. [Creativity in chemistry lesson]. Naturwissenschaften im Unterricht, 8(12-20).
- Getzels, J. W., & Jackson, P. W. (1962). Creativity and intelligence: Explorations with gifted students. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.2307/40223437
- Gneezy, U., Leonard, K. L., & List, J. A. (2009). Gender differences in competition: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society. Econometrica, 77(5), 1637-1664. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6690
- Gneezy, U., Niederle, M., & Rustichini, A. (2003). Performance in competitive environments: Gender differences. The quarterly journal of economics, 118(3), 1049-1074. https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360698496
- Gottfredson, L. S. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory of occupational aspirations. Journal of Counseling psychology, 28(6), 545. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.6.545
- Gottfredson, L. S. (1996). Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise. Career choice and development, 179-232.
- Gray, A. (2016). The 10 skills you need to thrive in Fourth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-10-skills-you-need-to-thrive-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/
- Guilford, J. P. (1959). Three faces of intellect. American psychologist, 14(8), 469. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046827
- Guilford, J. P., & Hoepfner, R. (1976). Analyse der Intelligenz. Beltz: Weinheim/Basel.
- Hu, W., & Adey, P. (2002). A scientific creativity test for secondary school students. International Journal of Science Education, 24(4), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690110098912
- Janštová, V., Dvořáková, R., & Jáč, M. (2016). Identifying the factors that motivate pupils toward science competitions. Paper presented at the ESERA 2015 Conference. Science education research: Engaging learners for a suitable future., Helsinki, Finland.
- Jo, S. M. (2009). A study of Korean students’ creativity in science using structural equation modeling (Doctoral dissertation). from The University of Arizona. Retrieved from https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/193568
- Jugend forscht e.V. (2019). Deutschlands beste Nachwuchsforscher zu Gast bei Angela Merkel. [Germany’s best young researchers visit Chancellor Angela Merkel]. Retrieved from https://www.jugend-forscht.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/archiv/jugend-forscht-deutschlands-beste-nachwuchsforscher-zu-gast-bei-bundeskanzlerin-angela-merkel.html
- Jugend forscht e.V. (2020a). Erfolgreiche Ehemalige [Successfull former]. Retrieved from https://www.jugend-forscht.de/stiftung-jugend-forscht-e-v/historie/erfolgreiche-ehemalige.html
- Jugend forscht e.V. (2020b). Förderer [Sponsors]. Retrieved from https://www.jugend-forscht.de/netzwerk/partner/foerderer.html
- Jugend forscht e.V. (2020c). Information in English. Retrieved from https://www.jugend-forscht.de/information-in-english.html
- Jugend forscht e.V. (2020d). KMK & Kultusministerien [Conference of Ministeries of Education and Arts & Ministeries of Education and Arts]. Retrieved from https://www.jugend-forscht.de/netzwerk/partner/kmk-kultusministerien.html
- Jugend forscht e.V. (2020e). Schirmherr [Patron]. Retrieved from https://www.jugend-forscht.de/stiftung-jugend-forscht-e-v/stiftung-jugend-forscht-e-v/schirmherr.html
- Kämmerer, A. (2000). Kreativität und Geschlecht. [Creativity and Gender]. In R. M. Holm-Hadulla (Ed.), Kreativität (Vol. 44, pp. 301-327). Heidelberg Berlin,: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87237-2_15
- Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: The four c model of creativity. Review of general psychology, 13(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013688
- Kennedy, H. L., & Parks, J. (2000). Society cannot continue to exclude women from the fields of science and mathematics. Education, 120(3).
- Kettler, T., Lamb, K. N., Willerson, A., & Mullet, D. R. (2018). Teachers’ Perceptions of Creativity in the Classroom. Creativity Research Journal, 30(2), 164-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1446503
- Kind, P. M., & Kind, V. (2007). Creativity in science education: Perspectives and challenges for developing school science. Studies in Science Education, 43, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057260708560225
- Kirsten, B. (Producer). (2007). Prädiktoren einer Studienwahlentscheidung: die Entwicklung eines Studienwahlmodells auf Basis der” Theory of circumscription and compromise” nach Gottfredson (1981). [Predictors of a course choice: the development of a course choice model based on the “Theory of circumscription and compromise” by Gottfredson (1981)]. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://elpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/edocs/dokumente/fbg/psychologie/diss2007/kirsten/dg0702.pdf
- Lau, S., & Cheung, P. C. (2010a). Creativity assessment: Comparability of the electronic and paper-and-pencil versions of the Wallach–Kogan Creativity Tests. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 5(3), 101-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2010.09.004
- Lau, S., & Cheung, P. C. (2010b). Developmental trends of creativity: What twists of turn do boys and girls take at different grades? Creativity Research Journal, 22(3), 329-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2010.503543
- Lengfelder, A., & Heller, K. A. (2002). German Olympiad studies: Findings from a retrospective evaluation and from in-depth interviews: Where have all the gifted females gone. Journal of Research in Education, 12(1), 86-92.
- Mahoney, J. L., Cairns, B. D., & Farmer, T. W. (2003). Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular activity participation. Journal of educational psychology, 95(2), 409. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.2.409
- Meyer, H. (2002). Unterricht analysieren, planen und auswerten. [Analyze, plan and evaluate lessons.]. Kiper, H., Meyer, H. Topsch, W. Einführung in die Schulpädagogik (S. 147-156). Berlin: Cornelsen Scriptor.
- Miller, P. H., Slawinski Blessing, J., & Schwartz, S. (2006). Gender Differences in High‐school Students’ Views about Science. International Journal of Science Education, 28(4), 363-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690500277664
- Mohtar, L. E., Halim, L., & Iksan, Z. H. (2016). Cognitive, Affective and Students’ Achievement in Physics: A Hypothetical Model for Structural Equation Modeling testing. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on ASEAN Comparative Education Research Network (ACERN), Padang - West Sumatra.
- Mund, W. (2007). Jugend forscht und Jugend musiziert: kognitive Fähigkeiten und Persönlichkeitsmerkmale erfolgreicher Teilnehmer [“Jugend forscht” and “Jugend musiziert”: cognitive abilities and personality traits of successful participants] (Doctoral dissertation), Philipps-Universität Marburg. Retrieved from http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2008/0750/pdf/dwm.pdf
- Niedersächsisches Kultusministerium (Hrsg.). (2012). Kerncurriculum für die integrierte Gesamtschule. Schuljahrgänge 5-10. Naturwissenschaften. Retrieved from https://cuvo.nibis.de/cuvo.php?fulltextsearch_lev0_ov=&skey_lev0_1000_ov=Dokumentenart&svalue_lev0_1000_ov=&skey_lev0_1001_ov=Schulbereich&svalue_lev0_1001_ov=&skey_lev0_1002_ov=Schulform&svalue_lev0_1002_ov=Integrierte+Gesamtschule&skey_lev0_1003_ov=Fach&svalue_lev0_1003_ov=Naturwissenschaften&p=search
- Niedersächsisches Kultusministerium (Hrsg.). (2015). Kerncurriculum für das Gymnasium. Schuljahrgänge 5-10. Naturwissenschaften. Retrieved from https://cuvo.nibis.de/cuvo.php?skey_lev0_0=Schulform&svalue_lev0_0=Integrierte+Gesamtschule&skey_lev0_1=Fach&svalue_lev0_1=Naturwissenschaften&fulltextsearch_lev0_ov=&skey_lev0_1000_ov=Dokumentenart&svalue_lev0_1000_ov=&skey_lev0_1001_ov=Schulbereich&svalue_lev0_1001_ov=&skey_lev0_0_ov=Schulform&svalue_lev0_0_ov=Gymnasium-Sek.I&skey_lev0_1_ov=Fach&svalue_lev0_1_ov=Chemie&p=search
- Niedersächsisches Kultusministerium (Hrsg.). (2017). Kerncurriculum für das Gymnasium - gymnasiale Oberstufe. Chemie. Retrieved from https://cuvo.nibis.de/cuvo.php?skey_lev0_0=Schulform&svalue_lev0_0=Gymnasium-Sek.I&skey_lev0_1=Fach&svalue_lev0_1=Chemie&fulltextsearch_lev0_ov=&skey_lev0_1000_ov=Dokumentenart&svalue_lev0_1000_ov=&skey_lev0_1001_ov=Schulbereich&svalue_lev0_1001_ov=&skey_lev0_0_ov=Schulform&svalue_lev0_0_ov=Gymnasiale+Oberstufe+-+Gymnasium&skey_lev0_1_ov=Fach&svalue_lev0_1_ov=Chemie&p=search
- OECD. (2017). OECD - Bildung auf einen Blick [OECD - education at a glance]. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/EAG2017CN-Germany-German.pdf
- OECD. (2018). The future of education and skills: education 2030: the future we want. OECD publishing. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/education/2030/E2030%20Position%20Paper%20(05.04.2018).pdf
- Oerke, B., & Eigenstetter, M. (2018). MINT coach. Individuelle Intervention bei Schülerinnen zur Erkennung von MINT-Begabungen. Retrieved from https://mintcoach.net/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/MINTcoach_Maedchen_fuer_MINT_interessieren.pdf
- Omusonga, T. O., Indoshi, F. C., & Achieng’Rabari, J. (2011). Differences in divergent thinking among secondary school physics students. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 2(4), 216-227.
- Orvis, J. N., Sturges, D., Tysinger, P. D., Riggins, K., & Landge, S. (2018). A Culture of Extrinsically Motivated Students: Chemistry. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 18(1), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.14434/josotl.v18i1.21427
- Robelen, E. W. (2011). Awareness grows of importance of learning science beyond school. Education Week, 30(27), 2-5.
- Runco, M. A. (1986). Divergent thinking and creative performance in gifted and nongifted children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46(2), 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448604600211
- Runco, M. A., & Albert, R. S. (1985). The reliability and validity of ideational originality in the divergent thinking of academically gifted and nongifted children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(3), 483-501. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448504500306
- Runco, M. A., & Okuda, S. M. (1988). Problem discovery, divergent thinking, and the creative process. Journal of youth and adolescence, 17(3), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538162
- Runco, M. A., Abdulla, A. M., Paek, S. H., Al-Jasim, F. A., & Alsuwaidi, H. N. (2016). Which test of divergent thinking is best? Creativity. Theories–Research-Applications, 3(1), 4-18. https://doi.org/10.1515/ctra-2016-0001
- Rüschenpöhler, L., & Markic, S. (2020). Secondary school students’ chemistry self-concepts: gender and culture, and the impact of chemistry self-concept on learning behaviour. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 21(1), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RP00120D
- Sahin, A. (2013). STEM clubs and science fair competitions: Effects on post-secondary matriculation. Journal of STEM Education, 14(1), 5-11.
- Schuster, M., Sülzle, A., Winker, G., & Wolffram, A. (2014). Neue Wege in Technik und Naturwissenschaft - Zum Berufsverhalten von Mädchen und Frauen [New ways in technics and science - on the occational behaviour of girls and women]. Retrieved from https://tore.tuhh.de/bitstream/11420/81/1/Gutachten_Berufswahlverhalten.pdf
- Schwarz, J. (2020). Mann-Whitney-U-Test. Methodenberatung Universität Zürich. Retrieved from https://www.methodenberatung.uzh.ch/de/datenanalyse_spss/unterschiede/zentral/mann.html
- Semmler, L., & Pietzner, V. (2017). Creativity in chemistry class and in general–German student teachers’ views. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 18(2), 310-328. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RP00230G
- Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Willse, J. T., Barona, C. M., Cram, J. T., Hess, K. I., . . . Richard, C. A. (2008). Assessing creativity with divergent thinking tasks: Exploring the reliability and validity of new subjective scoring methods. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/1931-3896.2.2.68
- Smith, G., & Carlsson, I. (1985). Creativity in middle and late school years. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 8(3), 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502548500800307
- Springub, A., Semmler, L., Uchinokura, S., & Pietzner, V. (2017). Chemistry Teachers’ Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Creativity in Chemistry Class Cognitive and affective aspects in science education research (pp. 41-54). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58685-4_4
- Stang, J., Urhahne, D., Nick, S., & Parchmann, I. (2014). Wer kommt weiter? Vorhersage der Qualifikation zur Internationalen Biologie-und Chemie-Olympiade auf Grundlage des Leistungsmotivations-Modells von Eccles. Zeitschrift für pädagogische Psychologie. https://doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652/a000127
- Starko, A. J. (2010). Creativity in the classroom: Schools of curious delight (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203871492
- Starko, A. J. (2018). Creativity in the classroom: schools of curious delight (6th ed.). New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315391625
- Steegh, A. M., Höffler, T. N., Keller, M. M., & Parchmann, I. (2019). Gender differences in mathematics and science competitions: A systematic review. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 56(10), 1431-1460. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21580
- Storme, M., Lubart, T., Myszkowski, N., Cheung, P. C., Tong, T., & Lau, S. (2017). A Cross‐Cultural Study of Task Specificity in Creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 51(3), 263-274. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.123
- Suardiman, S. P., & Kumara, A. (2018). Parental involvement in elementary school-aged child’s creativity. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/296/1/012051
- Taskinen, P. H. (2010). Naturwissenschaften als zukünftiges Berufsfeld für Schülerinnen und Schüler mit hoher naturwissenschaftlicher und mathematischer Kompetenz: eine Untersuchung von Bedingungen für Berufserwartungen (Doctoral Dissertation). Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian Albrechts University in Kiel. Retrieved from https://macau.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dissertation_derivate_00003501/diss_taskinen.pdf
- Tobin, K., & Garnett, P. (1987). Gender Related Differences in. Science Education, 71(1), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730710112
- Torrance, E. P. (1966). Torrance tests of creative thinking: Norms-technical manual: Verbal tests, forms a and b: Figural tests, forms a and b: Personal Press, Incorporated.
- Urban, K. K. (1991). On the creativity development in children. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419109534384
- Urban, K. K. (2004). Kreativität: Herausforderung für Schule, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft. [Creativity. Challange for school, science and society.]. Münster: LIT Verlag.
- Wakefield, J. F. (1985). Towards creativity: Problem finding in a divergent-thinking exercise. Child Study Journal.
- Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of thinking in young children. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
- Webb, N. M. (1984). Sex differences in interaction and achievement in cooperative small groups. Journal of educational psychology, 76(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.76.1.33
- Westby, E. L., & Dawson, V. L. (1995). Creativity: Asset or burden in the classroom? Creativity Research Journal, 8(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj0801_1
- Wirt, J. L. (2011). An analysis of Science Olympiad participants’ perceptions regarding their experience with the science and engineering academic competition (Doctoral Dissertation). Seton Hall University. Retrieved from https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=dissertations
- Wu, W.-T., & Chen, J. D. (1999). A follow-up study of Taiwan physics and chemistry olympians—the environmental influences. Retrieved from https://www.childresearch.net/projects/special/1999_01.html
How to cite this article
APA
Müller, S., & Pietzner, V. (2020). Comparative Study of Divergent Thinking among Participants in a German Science Competition and Pupils in a Control Group. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(10), em1883. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8408
Vancouver
Müller S, Pietzner V. Comparative Study of Divergent Thinking among Participants in a German Science Competition and Pupils in a Control Group. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2020;16(10):em1883. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8408
AMA
Müller S, Pietzner V. Comparative Study of Divergent Thinking among Participants in a German Science Competition and Pupils in a Control Group. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2020;16(10), em1883. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8408
Chicago
Müller, Swantje, and Verena Pietzner. "Comparative Study of Divergent Thinking among Participants in a German Science Competition and Pupils in a Control Group". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 2020 16 no. 10 (2020): em1883. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8408
Harvard
Müller, S., and Pietzner, V. (2020). Comparative Study of Divergent Thinking among Participants in a German Science Competition and Pupils in a Control Group. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(10), em1883. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8408
MLA
Müller, Swantje et al. "Comparative Study of Divergent Thinking among Participants in a German Science Competition and Pupils in a Control Group". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, vol. 16, no. 10, 2020, em1883. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8408